Updated June 2026
Fungal nails, medically known as onychomycosis, are a common infection that affects the appearance and structure of the nails. The condition develops when microscopic fungi enter through tiny cracks in the nail or surrounding skin.
Although nail fungus often begins as a cosmetic concern, untreated infections can lead to pain, nail thickening, and permanent nail damage over time.
Key Takeaways
- Onychomycosis is highly contagious and causes up to 90% of toenail infections.
- Early signs include thickening, brittleness, yellow or brown discolouration, and nail lifting.
- Combination treatment using both oral and topical therapies delivers the best results.
- Fungal spores must be removed from shoes, socks, and bathrooms to help prevent reinfection.
- A podiatrist can rule out similar conditions, such as psoriasis, before treatment begins.
What is Onychomycosis (Nail Fungus)?
Onychomycosis is one of the most common nail conditions worldwide and is responsible for the majority of fungal toenail infections.
It is usually caused by dermatophytes, a type of fungus that feeds on keratin in the nail. In some cases, yeasts and non-dermatophyte moulds may also be involved.
As the infection develops, the nail may show:
- White, yellow, or brown discolouration
- Thickening of the nail plate
- Brittleness or crumbling
- Ragged or uneven nail edges
- Distortion of the nail shape
- The nail plate lifts away from the nail bed.
- An unpleasant odour from infected tissue
Without treatment, the infection can gradually worsen and spread to other nails.
How Do You Contract a Fungal Nail Infection?
Fungal nail infections spread through direct contact with fungal spores. These spores thrive in warm, moist environments and can enter through damaged, cracked, or lifted nails.
Once the fungus reaches the nail bed, it begins to spread and multiply, embedding itself more deeply within the nail structure.
Common causes and risk factors include:
Walking Barefoot in Public Areas
Public pools, gym locker rooms, and communal showers are common places where fungal spores spread easily.
Poor Foot Hygiene
Wearing damp socks for long periods or failing to wash and dry the feet thoroughly increases the risk of infection.
Excessive Sweating
People with hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) are more likely to develop fungal infections because moisture becomes trapped inside shoes.
Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis)
Fungal nail infections often occur alongside athlete’s foot. Scratching infected skin can transfer fungal spores directly to the toenails.
How is Onychomycosis Treated?
Treating fungal nails takes time because the infection sits deep within the nail structure. Successful treatment usually combines medical therapy with strict hygiene and environmental control.
Medical Therapies
- Topical antifungal treatments such as lacquers, sprays, and ointments are applied directly to the nail. These treatments are most effective for mild to moderate infections, though consistent use over several months is typically needed to see improvement.
- Oral antifungal medication may be required for more severe or persistent infections, with prescription tablets available from a doctor. These medications treat the infection through the bloodstream and are often more effective for deep infections.
- Combination therapy, using both oral and topical treatments together, is considered the most effective approach and offers the highest success rates.
Important Treatment Considerations
Before starting oral antifungal medication, your doctor may request a liver function blood test because these medications are processed by the liver.
Consistency is also essential. Treatment should continue throughout the full nail growth cycle and often for up to two weeks after visible symptoms disappear to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Environmental and Hygiene Adjustments
Preventing reinfection is a critical part of treatment. Fungal spores can survive in your environment long after symptoms improve.
To reduce the risk of recurrence:
- Change socks at least twice daily
- Wash socks and bath mats with antifungal laundry products
- Disinfect shower floors regularly using bleach-based cleaners
- Professionally clean household carpets if needed
- Regularly sanitise footwear with antifungal sprays
- Use antifungal body or foot washes when recommended
When Should You See a Podiatrist?
You should see a podiatrist if you notice persistent nail changes, especially if the nail becomes painful, thickened, discoloured, or starts lifting.
Not every nail abnormality is the result of a fungal infection. Conditions such as psoriasis, trauma, eczema, and some medical conditions can closely mimic fungal nail infections.
A podiatrist can:
- Confirm whether the nail is truly fungal
- Identify contributing factors
- Recommend the most appropriate treatment plan
- Help reduce the risk of recurrence
Early treatment usually leads to better outcomes and helps prevent long-term nail damage.
For expert care and lasting relief, book a consultation with Southwest Foot and Ankle Centre today and take the first step towards comfortable, healthier feet.
